CX Demo

Blog

  • Sender Authentication Package (SAP) in Marketing Cloud: How to Use It to Improve Brand Awareness

    To increase the chances of your emails reaching their intended recipients, they should be authenticated, not just validated. Authentication is serious to Google and other Internet service providers (ISPs) rigorously check Domain Name System (DNS) records for industry-standard authentication protocols. Properly authenticated emails are less likely to be marked as spam, protecting your brand from spoofing and phishing attacks and reducing spam complaints.
    This article will explore the Sender Authentication Package (SAP) in Salesforce Marketing Cloud and how it improves email deliverability and brand recognition for your campaigns.
    This guide is intended for those currently using or planning to use Salesforce Marketing Cloud to manage their email campaigns.
    What is the Marketing Cloud Sender Authentication Package?
    SAP is a specialized add-on for Salesforce Marketing Cloud rather than a core part of it. By enabling domain authentication and management features, SAP enhances email deliverability and brand consistency.
    In other words, Salesforce SAP increases email deliverability to recipients’ inboxes and boosts your company’s visibility by replacing Marketing Cloud references with your domain.
    Although it integrates seamlessly with Salesforce Marketing Cloud, SAP must be purchased separately and configured to benefit from these advanced email authentication features.
    Please note: To avoid confusion, SAP Integration generally refers to integrating SAP (the enterprise software for business operations) with Salesforce or other systems.
    The Sender Authentication Package in Salesforce Marketing Cloud is a package that enhances email deliverability and domain authentication through features like dedicated IP addresses and custom domains, as well as compliance with email authentication protocols like SPF, DKIM, and Sender ID.
    Key Features of Sender Authentication Package (SAP) in Marketing Cloud
    The customer has a number of touchpoints, so all your messages have to hit the mark. This is how the SAP does it:
    Private Domain (from Address)
    Message authentication ensures that ISPs recognize your emails as legitimate. The Private Domain feature, a paid service in Salesforce Marketing Cloud, enables this by providing Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) authentication for your sending domain.
    Using a dedicated sending domain through SAP strengthens your brand’s reputation. It allows for adding multiple domains and branding for each entity within your organization, which is particularly beneficial for companies managing various brands. These domains require separate setups and may incur extra costs.
    Don’t forget to check out: SAP vs Salesforce: Decoding Right Choice For Your Business
    Authentication Protocols
    Several protocols are ensuring the emails your customers receive are legit:

    SPF (Sender Policy Framework): This protocol specifies which mail servers may send emails on behalf of your domain. Validating the sender’s IP address against the domain’s SPF record helps prevent email spoofing and phishing.
    DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail): This encryption-based authentication protocol enables the recipient to verify that the email was sent by the domain owner. To validate the authenticity of the email, the recipient’s server attaches a digital signature.
    Sender ID: Similar to SPF, Sender ID verifies the origin of an email by the package sender address authentication of the domain name against the IP address of the mail server, adding another layer of security. It focuses on the sender’s identity as seen by the recipient.

    SPF and DKIM satisfy DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance) requirements. SPF allows you to define which IP addresses are authorized to send emails on behalf of your domain. At the same time, DKIM uses a cryptographic signature to verify the sender’s identity and prevent spoofing.
    Subdomain Delegation
    Subdomain delegation involves configuring DNS settings via Canonical Name (CNAME) records, enabling seamless integration with Salesforce Marketing Cloud. By delegating subdomains, you ensure that your email campaigns are sent from authenticated subdomains of your primary domain, contributing to its legitimacy and consistency.
    This setup allows Salesforce to manage DNS-related tasks for your subdomain, ensuring proper authentication and alignment with email-sending best practices. It is handy for organizations with complex domain structures or multiple brands that require precise control over email sending and branding.
    Account Branding
    In email marketing, branding is crucial because recognizable senders are less likely to be flagged as spam. By using link and image wrapping, Salesforce Marketing Cloud Engagement allows you to replace default domains (like exacttarget.com) with your authenticated domain. This ensures all links and images in your emails are aligned with your brand, enhancing consistency and trust.
    For example, a company could change its links from a generic URL to branded ones, like imagescompanyname.com, making the entire email experience more cohesive and professional.

    Image source: Domain Authentication and SAP | Salesforce Trailhead

    Image source: Domain Authentication and SAP | Salesforce Trailhead

    Dedicated IP vs. Shared IP
    The dedicated IP option grants you complete control over your sending reputation, crucial for high-volume email senders who dispatch 250,000+ emails per month. It ensures that your IP reputation isn’t influenced by other users’ practices, which is important for maintaining high deliverability rates. Businesses with significant email marketing efforts, such as large retail companies, would benefit most from this setup.
    Shared IP is when multiple senders share the same IP address, which is a more cost-effective option. While this option can reduce costs, it comes with a potential risk since other users sharing the same IP may impact your sending reputation. This setup might be suitable for smaller businesses or those with lower email volumes that don’t justify the cost of a dedicated IP.
    Reply Mail Management (RMM)
    Reply Mail Management (RMM) allows you to manage email responses efficiently through Salesforce’s interface. It automates the process of filtering auto-replies, handling unsubscribe requests, and even triggering automated responses based on specific criteria.
    This feature is handy for businesses that handle large customer interactions via email, such as e-commerce platforms or customer service teams.
    Multiple Domains
    SAP in Salesforce Marketing Cloud supports adding multiple domains, which is ideal for organizations managing several brands under one umbrella. Each brand can have its unique email domain, helping to distinguish between them. However, each domain requires a separate setup, which might incur additional costs and administrative effort.
    This feature would benefit conglomerates, holding companies, or digital agencies that manage multiple clients or brands, as it allows for clear brand segmentation and better email deliverability management.

    Key Features of SAP in Marketing Cloud

    SMS vs. Email Sender Authentication Package: The Difference
    In Salesforce, SAP primarily focuses on email authentication, ensuring emails are delivered from authenticated domains, thereby improving deliverability and brand consistency.
    However, Salesforce does not offer a specific “Sender Authentication Package” for SMS like it does for emails. SMS sender authentication generally involves using dedicated shortcodes or alphanumeric sender IDs, which help identify and legitimize the message source.
    Unlike email, SMS doesn’t require SPF or DKIM protocols but relies on brand recognition through sender IDs to ensure message trustworthiness.
    How Do You Set Up the Sender Authentication Package (SAP)?

    If SAP Marketing Cloud is not included in your current contract, you have to contact Salesforce support to purchase it.
    To complete the setup form, Provide the company name, contact details, desired IP addresses (for Dedicated IP), sender domain, subdomains for tracking and DKIM signatures, and DNS record access for SPF, DKIM, and CNAME setup.

    Ideally, consider working with a certified Salesforce Marketing Cloud Implementation Partner to navigate the SFMC sender authentication package technical requirements quickly and without a hitch and configure it strictly according to your business needs.
    Which Customers Would Benefit Most from Purchasing a Sender Authentication Package?
    Those prioritizing email deliverability and brand consistency would benefit most from the Sender Authentication Package in Salesforce. It includes companies with large-scale email operations that need to maintain a strong domain reputation and businesses in general that want to ensure that their emails reach the intended inbox rather than getting flagged as spam.
    For example, e-commerce businesses that send high volumes of promotional emails would benefit from SAP as it helps to authenticate their email domains, reducing the chances of their messages being marked as spam.
    Similarly, financial services companies that send sensitive information via email must ensure their communications are trusted and secure. SAP’s authentication features, including SPF, DKIM, and custom domain branding, enhance the credibility of their emails, helping to protect their brand reputation and customer trust.
    Another possible utilization of the Sender Authentication Package (Salesforce Marketing Cloud) is for healthcare organizations, which must adhere to strict compliance standards. By using authenticated email domains and managing multiple subdomains, they can ensure that their communications are consistent and compliant with industry regulations, thereby enhancing patient engagement and trust.
    Check out another amazing blog by Twistellar: From Salesforce CDP to Salesforce Data Cloud: How Salesforce Powers Personalization?
    Conclusion
    Integrating SAP with Salesforce Marketing Cloud is essential for maintaining high email deliverability and brand consistency. Implementing these enhancements improves the technical aspects of your campaigns and significantly boosts audience trust and loyalty.
    Here are additional resources on the topic:

    Overview of SAP
    How to Fill the SAP Marketing Cloud Form #1
    How to Fill the SAP Marketing Cloud Form #2

    This article was originally published at Twistellar.com

    The post Sender Authentication Package (SAP) in Marketing Cloud: How to Use It to Improve Brand Awareness appeared first on Forcetalks.

  • Automating Replies on Gmail with ChatGPT

    Automating Replies on Gmail with ChatGPT

    Introduction

    In today’s fast-paced digital world, automation plays a crucial role in streamlining workflows and increasing productivity. One area where automation can be incredibly beneficial is email management. In this blog post, we will explore how you can automate replies on Gmail using ChatGPT, a powerful language model developed by OpenAI. By leveraging the capabilities of ChatGPT, you can save time, improve efficiency, and provide prompt responses to your email correspondents.

    1. Setting Up ChatGPT Integration:
      To get started with automating replies on Gmail, you need to integrate ChatGPT with your email account. OpenAI provides easy-to-use APIs that allow developers to interact with the language model. By integrating the ChatGPT API with Gmail, you can leverage its natural language processing capabilities to generate automated responses.
    2. Training ChatGPT for Email Replies:
      To make ChatGPT more effective in generating contextually appropriate replies, you can train it with a dataset specific to your email conversations. Prepare a dataset containing a collection of emails, including both incoming messages and your responses. This dataset will help ChatGPT understand your writing style, preferences, and commonly used phrases.
    3. Defining Reply Templates:
      To streamline the automation process, create a set of reply templates that cover common scenarios or frequently asked questions in your emails. These templates should include placeholders for dynamic information such as the recipient’s name, specific details, or time-sensitive information. By using templates, you can ensure consistent and personalized responses.
    4. Implementing the Automation Workflow:
      Develop a script or application that interacts with the ChatGPT API and integrates with your Gmail account. The script should retrieve incoming emails, analyze their content, and generate appropriate automated replies using ChatGPT. Remember to handle edge cases where ChatGPT may not provide accurate responses and provide options for manual intervention when needed.
    5. Testing and Fine-tuning:
      Before fully deploying the automated reply system, extensively test the integration to ensure the generated responses are accurate, relevant, and aligned with your email communication style. Monitor the replies sent by ChatGPT and gather feedback from recipients to further fine-tune the system. Iteratively refine the training data and adjust the automation workflow to enhance the quality of automated responses.
    6. Managing Privacy and Security:
      As you automate email replies, it is essential to prioritize privacy and security. Ensure that the ChatGPT integration and the email automation system comply with relevant data protection regulations. Handle personal information securely and implement measures to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data. Regularly review and update security protocols to mitigate potential risks.

    Conclusion

    Automating replies on Gmail with ChatGPT can revolutionize your email management workflow, saving you valuable time and effort. By integrating ChatGPT with Gmail, training the model with your email conversations, defining reply templates, implementing the automation workflow, testing and fine-tuning the system, and prioritizing privacy and security, you can create a robust and efficient automated reply system. Embrace automation to handle routine email tasks and free up your time to focus on more strategic and value-added activities in your professional or personal life.

  • How to Calculate Overall Code Coverage in Salesforce

    How to Calculate Overall Code Coverage in Salesforce

    Introduction

    Code coverage is a critical aspect of software development that ensures the quality and reliability of your Salesforce applications. In Salesforce, code coverage refers to the percentage of code that is executed during testing. A high code coverage percentage is essential for successful deployments and maintaining a healthy Salesforce org. In this blog post, we will explore how to calculate the overall code coverage in Salesforce and ensure your code meets the necessary quality standards.

    1. Understanding Code Coverage in Salesforce:
      In Salesforce, Apex code is typically written to extend the functionality of your Salesforce org. To ensure code quality, Salesforce enforces a minimum code coverage threshold of 75% for all Apex classes and triggers. This means that at least 75% of your Apex code must be covered by automated tests.
    2. Writing Test Classes:
      To calculate code coverage, you need to write test classes that exercise your Apex code. Test classes are responsible for creating test data, executing the code under test, and verifying the expected outcomes. Well-written test classes not only help meet code coverage requirements but also validate the behavior of your code in different scenarios.
    3. Running Tests:
      Salesforce provides a robust testing framework that allows you to execute test classes and measure code coverage. To calculate overall code coverage, you can use the Salesforce Developer Console or Salesforce Extensions for Visual Studio Code. These tools enable you to run tests and generate detailed coverage reports.
    4. Analyzing Code Coverage Reports:
      After running tests, you can review the code coverage report to determine the overall code coverage percentage. The report provides insights into which parts of your code are covered and which parts are not. It highlights specific lines of code that were executed during testing and identifies areas that require additional test coverage.
    5. Improving Code Coverage:
      If your overall code coverage falls below the required threshold, you need to enhance your tests to cover more code. Look for areas of code that are not adequately covered and write additional test methods to exercise those sections. Aim to achieve as close to 100% code coverage as possible, ensuring that all branches and scenarios are tested.
    6. Best Practices for Code Coverage:
      To maintain good code coverage in Salesforce, consider the following best practices:
    • Write unit tests for all Apex classes and triggers.
    • Test positive and negative scenarios to ensure code behaves correctly in various conditions.
    • Utilize the @isTest annotation to identify test classes.
    • Use test data factories or test data setup methods to create test data efficiently.
    • Regularly review and update your tests to keep up with changes in your codebase.

    Conclusion

    Calculating overall code coverage in Salesforce is crucial for maintaining high-quality code and ensuring successful deployments. By writing comprehensive test classes, running tests, analyzing code coverage reports, and improving code coverage based on the results, you can meet Salesforce’s minimum coverage requirements and build robust applications. Embrace code coverage as an integral part of your development process, and strive to achieve extensive coverage to minimize risks and enhance the stability of your Salesforce org.

  • Growth Hacks and Startup Tips: Strategies for Success

    Growth Hacks and Startup Tips: Strategies for Success

    Introduction

    In the dynamic world of startups, finding effective growth hacks and implementing smart strategies is crucial for achieving success. In this blog post, we will explore a collection of growth hacks and startup tips that can propel your venture forward. Whether you’re an aspiring entrepreneur or an established founder, these insights will provide valuable guidance for driving growth and innovation in your startup journey.

    1. Leverage the Power of Influencer Marketing:
      Collaborating with influencers who align with your target audience can be a powerful growth hack. By leveraging their reach and credibility, you can significantly amplify your brand’s visibility and attract new users or customers. Create partnerships that provide value for both parties, and ensure that the influencer’s audience aligns with your target market.
    2. Embrace the MVP Approach:
      Adopting a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) approach allows you to quickly validate your business idea and gather valuable feedback from early adopters. By focusing on developing the core features that solve a specific problem, you can launch your product or service faster, iterate based on user feedback, and avoid wasting resources on unnecessary features.
    3. Implement a Referral Program:
      Word-of-mouth marketing is a powerful tool for growth. Encourage your existing customers to refer your product or service to their networks by implementing a referral program. Offer incentives such as discounts, exclusive access, or rewards to both the referrer and the referred customer. This creates a win-win situation and can significantly boost your customer acquisition.
    4. Optimize for Search Engines:
      Investing in search engine optimization (SEO) is essential for increasing organic traffic to your website or app. Conduct thorough keyword research, optimize your website’s content, meta tags, and URLs, and build high-quality backlinks to improve your search engine rankings. A strong online presence and visibility will help drive organic growth and attract relevant users.
    5. Personalize User Experiences:
      Tailor your product or service to meet the specific needs and preferences of your target audience. Use data-driven insights to create personalized user experiences that enhance customer satisfaction and retention. Leverage technologies like AI and machine learning to gather user data and deliver personalized recommendations, content, or offers.
    6. Leverage Social Proof:
      Harness the power of social proof to build trust and credibility for your startup. Display customer testimonials, case studies, or positive reviews prominently on your website and social media channels. Highlight any notable partnerships, press coverage, or awards you’ve received. Social proof plays a vital role in influencing potential customers and attracting new users to your platform.
    7. Cultivate Strategic Partnerships:
      Collaborate with complementary businesses or industry influencers to expand your reach and tap into new markets. Strategic partnerships can help you access a broader customer base, gain credibility, and foster innovation through shared resources and expertise. Look for partners that align with your brand values and have a similar target audience.
    8. Continuous Learning and Adaptation:
      Stay agile and embrace a culture of continuous learning and adaptation. Monitor market trends, conduct competitor analysis, and gather feedback from your customers. Use these insights to refine your product, optimize your growth strategies, and stay ahead of the curve in an ever-evolving business landscape.

    Conclusion

    Growth hacks and startup tips can provide valuable shortcuts and insights to fuel the success of your venture. By leveraging the power of influencer marketing, embracing the MVP approach, implementing referral programs, optimizing for search engines, personalizing user experiences, leveraging social proof, cultivating strategic partnerships, and maintaining a culture of continuous learning, you can position your startup for sustainable growth and innovation. Remember, the journey of a startup is dynamic, so be open to experimentation, iterate on your strategies, and always stay focused on creating value for your customers.

  • The Top 15 AI Tools for Marketers

    The Top 15 AI Tools for Marketers

    Introduction


    Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the marketing landscape, empowering marketers with advanced tools and technologies to enhance their campaigns, gain valuable insights, and deliver personalized experiences. In this blog post, we will explore the top 15 AI tools that every marketer should consider incorporating into their marketing strategies. These tools cover various aspects of marketing, from content creation to customer analytics, enabling marketers to optimize their efforts and achieve exceptional results.

    1. ChatGPT: ChatGPT is a powerful language model that can automate customer interactions, provide personalized responses, and enhance customer support experiences.
    2. HubSpot: HubSpot offers an AI-powered marketing platform that includes tools for content management, lead generation, email marketing, and customer relationship management (CRM).
    3. Grammarly: Grammarly employs AI to enhance your writing by providing real-time grammar, spelling, and style suggestions, ensuring your content is error-free and engaging.
    4. Google Analytics: Google Analytics utilizes AI algorithms to provide marketers with actionable insights into website traffic, user behavior, conversion rates, and more, allowing for data-driven decision-making.
    5. Acquisio: Acquisio is an AI-powered advertising platform that optimizes digital advertising campaigns across multiple channels, including search engines, social media, and display networks.
    6. Phrasee: Phrasee uses AI to generate engaging and high-performing email subject lines, improving email open rates and overall campaign success.
    7. IBM Watson: IBM Watson is a powerful AI platform that provides advanced analytics, natural language processing, and machine learning capabilities for marketers seeking to extract insights from large datasets.
    8. Albert: Albert is an AI-driven platform that automates and optimizes digital marketing campaigns across channels, leveraging machine learning to improve performance and efficiency.
    9. Persado: Persado uses AI to generate emotionally targeted and persuasive language for marketing campaigns, increasing customer engagement and conversion rates.
    10. Optimizely: Optimizely employs AI to run experiments, optimize user experiences, and personalize content, enabling marketers to deliver tailored experiences that resonate with their audience.
    11. Mention: Mention utilizes AI to monitor and analyze online conversations, helping marketers track brand mentions, sentiment, and engage with customers in real-time.
    12. Canva: Canva leverages AI to simplify and automate the design process, providing intuitive tools and templates that empower marketers to create visually appealing graphics and marketing materials.
    13. MarketMuse: MarketMuse utilizes AI to enhance content creation by providing insights on keyword optimization, topic relevance, and content gap analysis, ensuring that your content ranks higher in search engine results.
    14. Sprout Social: Sprout Social employs AI to provide social media analytics, sentiment analysis, and automated scheduling, helping marketers manage and optimize their social media presence.
    15. Adobe Sensei: Adobe Sensei is an AI and machine learning framework integrated across Adobe’s suite of marketing tools, enabling marketers to automate workflows, personalize experiences, and gain deep insights into customer behavior.

    Conclusion


    AI tools have become indispensable for marketers, offering automation, personalization, and advanced analytics capabilities. Incorporating these top 15 AI tools into your marketing strategy can help you streamline processes, improve campaign performance, and deliver exceptional customer experiences. Embrace the power of AI to optimize your marketing efforts and stay ahead in the ever-evolving digital landscape.

  • The Power of Email Personalisation: Unlocking Engagement and Conversions

    The Power of Email Personalisation: Unlocking Engagement and Conversions

    Introduction


    In today’s digital world, where inboxes are flooded with countless emails, capturing the attention of recipients and driving engagement is more challenging than ever. Email personalization has emerged as a powerful strategy to cut through the noise and connect with your audience on a deeper level. In this blog post, we will explore the significance of email personalization and provide actionable tips to help you leverage its potential for driving higher engagement, conversions, and customer loyalty.

    1. Understand Your Audience:
      To personalize your emails effectively, you need a deep understanding of your audience. Segment your email list based on demographic data, behavior, preferences, and past interactions. This segmentation allows you to tailor your messaging and offers to specific groups, ensuring relevance and resonating with recipients.
    2. Dynamic Content and Personalized Recommendations:
      Employ dynamic content and personalized recommendations in your emails to deliver tailored experiences. Use customer data, such as purchase history or browsing behavior, to showcase products or content that align with each recipient’s interests. This level of personalization enhances engagement and drives higher click-through and conversion rates.
    3. Personalized Subject Lines:
      Crafting personalized subject lines is a proven tactic for capturing attention and increasing email open rates. Incorporate the recipient’s name or reference their recent interaction or purchase to make the subject line more relevant and enticing. A well-crafted subject line can entice recipients to open your email and explore its content further.
    4. Behavioral Triggers and Automated Workflows:
      Implement automated email workflows based on specific user behaviors or actions. For example, send a personalized welcome email to new subscribers, trigger abandoned cart reminders, or follow up with customers after a purchase. By automating these workflows, you can deliver timely, relevant, and personalized messages to nurture leads and drive conversions.
    5. Personalized Greetings and Salutations:
      Start your emails with personalized greetings to create an immediate connection with the recipient. Address them by their name or use personalized phrases that reflect their relationship with your brand. This small touch adds a personal touch and shows that you value their individuality.
    6. Use Social Proof and Recommendations:
      Incorporate social proof elements, such as customer testimonials or reviews, into your emails. Highlight positive feedback related to the recipient’s interests or recent interactions with your brand. Additionally, include personalized recommendations based on similar customers’ preferences to spark interest and increase the likelihood of conversion.
    7. A/B Testing and Optimization:
      Continuously test and optimize your personalized email campaigns. Experiment with different personalization elements, subject lines, content formats, and calls-to-action to identify what resonates best with your audience. A/B testing allows you to refine your personalization strategies and maximize engagement and conversions over time.
    8. Privacy and Consent:
      Respect privacy regulations and obtain proper consent from your subscribers. Clearly communicate how you will use their data to personalize emails and offer an easy way for recipients to manage their preferences or unsubscribe. Maintaining trust and transparency is vital for long-term relationships with your audience.

    Conclusion


    Email personalization is a game-changer in today’s competitive marketing landscape. By leveraging personalization strategies, you can connect with your audience on a deeper level, drive engagement, and boost conversions. Understanding your audience, incorporating dynamic content, personalizing subject lines, leveraging behavioral triggers, using personalized greetings, incorporating social proof, and continuously optimizing your campaigns are key steps to unlock the full potential of email personalization. Embrace the power of personalization to create meaningful connections and deliver remarkable email experiences that resonate with your recipients.

  • This week in CX: UK marketers are struggling with generative AI and customer connection

    Happy Friday! ‘This week in CX’ brings you the latest roundup of industry news. This week, we’re looking at how marketers in eCommerce are missing that vital customer connection, and how they may be lacking behind now we have generative AI at hand. We’re also learning what are the top motivators in customer service teams, and what…
    The post This week in CX: UK marketers are struggling with generative AI and customer connection appeared first on Customer Experience Magazine.

  • Generate Barcode and QR Code in Salesforce

    Last Updated on May 11, 2023 by Rakesh Gupta Big Idea or Enduring Question: How to generate Barcode and QR Code in Salesforce? Objectives: After reading this blog, you’ll be able to: Understand the difference between Barcode and QR Code Benefits of using Barcode and QR Code Generate a Barcode,
    The post Generate Barcode and QR Code in Salesforce appeared first on Automation Champion.

  • Dispatch Day: 10 Checks Before Sending Pardot (Account Engagement) Emails

    Dispatch day is the day you press the ‘send’ button and release your email campaign to the world. Whether the email campaign build has been a sprint or a long labor of love, you don’t want to fall down at the last hurdle with these… Read More

  • Would find useful a Customer Support Automation ?

    If I would build a website where you can set up AI chat bot with your marketing data, would you find it useful, would you use it ? submitted by /u/pjozsefp [link] [comments]